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  • Why do Theory?

    by ContingencyStreet

    “Why do theory? You have to put so much into it and you get so little out of it.” Given the increasing drift towards empiricism and clinical studies, and the associated de-emphasising of theoretical research across the disciplines, this becomes an important question to consider (and what follows constitutes only a first attempt to provide some explanation) . Doubtless the first half of the...

    February 1, 2016
    Market Square
  • Autopoiesis

    by ContingencyStreet

    Autopoiesis – from the Greek ‘poiesis’ meaning reproduction – means simply self-reproduction. The concept was developed by the evolutionary biologist Humberto Maturana to describe a system capable of reproducing itself using only its own elements; elements produced by the system itself. Luhmann redefines the concept so that it is capable of describing self referential systems. In the following short passage he states that autopoietic systems...

    January 27, 2016
    Concept Alley
  • Richard Flanagan on the Autology of Literature

    by ContingencyStreet

    Novelist Richard Flanagan says English-language culture tends to see literature as a moral guide. If that were true, literature would issue from an external vantage point – a God-like perch from which it observes and describes us and offers us guidance on how to live: “But literature cannot do that, it doesn’t do that. It is of life, and part of life. And therefore it cannot escape life,...

    January 21, 2016
    Occasional Cafe
  • Humberto Maturana

    by ContingencyStreet

    Humberto Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile in September 1928. He began studying medicine in 1950 and received a PhD in biology from Harvard in 1958. In 1954 he studied anatomy and neurophysiology at University College London. He joined Heinz von Foerster at the Biological Computer Lab at the University of Illinois as a visiting professor from 1969-70. Known variously as a biologist, cybernetician...

    January 5, 2016
    Rogues Corner

Market Square

How Not to Criticise Social Theory

by ContingencyStreet

There is no universal agreement about what the proper objectives of theory should be. Perhaps for that reason commentators can often be seen to criticise theories or theorists in ways that seem unfair. To assess a theory adequately it is necessary to consider what it is actually trying to achieve. With that in mind, Baert and Carreira da Silva have identified four common mistakes...

August 27, 2016
Market Square

To Cybersemiotics through Bateson, Peirce and Luhmann

by ContingencyStreet

This post introduces a very interesting presentation from Søren Brier, Professor for Semiotics of Information, Cognitive and Communication Science at Copenhagen Business School. It is entitled ‘Cyber(bio)semiotics: Transdisciplinary Through Bateson, Luhmann, and Peirce’. As you might expect from the title, Brier discusses the intellectual currents and developments that led to cybersemiotics. It is a little slow-moving, particularly at the start, but it is rich in...

March 6, 2016
Market Square

Daily Quote

'We shall remain critics, and, what amounts to virtually the same thing, we shall remain romantics if we have to be satisfied with that explanation.'

Luhmann

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Self-Reference

'[In the functionally differentiated society of late modernity] one has to begin from a practically inevitable development of structures that bind us to use social functions in [a self-referential] way. More and more depends on understanding this phenomenon adequately, protecting it against misunderstandings and revealing its structural problematic.'

Luhmann

Concept Alley

January 13, 2017

Contingency and Double Contingency

Here is a useful and brief description by Luhmann of the core concepts of ‘contingency’ and ‘double contingency’, taken...

by ContingencyStreet
February 10, 2016

Constructivism

Cognitive constructivism of operationally closed systems is explained succinctly by Knorr Cetina: ‘Closed systems are systems which operate entirely...

by ContingencyStreet
January 27, 2016

Autopoiesis

Autopoiesis – from the Greek ‘poiesis’ meaning reproduction – means simply self-reproduction. The concept was developed by the evolutionary...

by ContingencyStreet
December 5, 2015

Structural Coupling

This is another concept derived from Humberto Maturana. It is probably most simply understood initially in terms of two...

by ContingencyStreet
December 3, 2015

Operational Closure

Writers often use the example of the brain to illustrate the concept of operational closure. Luhmann provides the example...

by ContingencyStreet
December 2, 2015

Self-Reference

Self-reference is closely connected to ideas of self-organisation and autopoiesis. The concept is detached from notions of consciousness or...

by ContingencyStreet

Occasional Cafe

Play: A Sociological Approach

by ContingencyStreet

In their recent essay ‘Heterophony and Hyper-Responsibility’, Åkerstrøm Anderson and Knudsen present a sociological approach to play that is worth recording: A Gregory Bateson suggests that play is a special form of communication in which the message is that ‘these actions in which we now engage do not denote what those actions for which they stand would denote’ (2000: 180). When children play-fight, they...

March 12, 2017
Occasional Cafe

Paradox of the Word

by ContingencyStreet

Literature devoted to the medieval paradox is a fount of creativity and wit. This short piece considers two paradoxes of religious orthodoxy that have inspired writers through the ages, from medieval theologians, to seventeenth century Englishmen, to modern poets like Eliot interested in the metaphysical tradition. Both examples show the enjoyment their authors derived from the paradoxical nature of much religious dogma. Both dramatise...

February 22, 2016
Occasional Cafe

Popper’s Theology Paradox

by ContingencyStreet

Having read as a teenager, and on his father’s advice, Spinoza’s Ethics and Principles According to Descartes, Popper concludes they are both: ‘… full of definitions which seemed to me arbitrary, pointless, and question-begging, so far as there was any question at all. It gave me a lifetime’s dislike of theorizing about God. (Theology, I still think, is due to lack of faith.)’ In...

January 21, 2016
Occasional Cafe

Rogues Corner

Humberto Maturana

by ContingencyStreet

Humberto Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile in September 1928. He began studying medicine in 1950 and received a PhD in biology from Harvard in 1958. In 1954 he studied anatomy and neurophysiology at University College London. He joined Heinz von Foerster at the Biological Computer Lab at the University of Illinois as a visiting professor from 1969-70. Known variously as a biologist, cybernetician and scientist, Maturana is probably best known for developing the concept of autopoiesis with his student Francisco Varela. This concept of autopoiesis, self-production, came from his readings of Bateson, Wittgenstein, Vico among others. It is a paradigm that insists on the autonomy of living systems and examines the reflexive feedback mechanisms they use. His work has been very influential in the biology of cognition, cybernetics, systems theory and beyond. His publications include: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living (with Varela) (1979) The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding (with Varela) (1992) From Being to Doing: The Origins of the Biology of Cognition (with Poerksen) (2004)    ...

January 5, 2016
Rogues Corner

Heinz von Foerster

by ContingencyStreet

Heinz von Foerster was born in Vienna in 1911 to an affluent family (his mother was an artist and his father an engineer) that counted Wittgenstein among their circle. He took a doctorate in physics and from 1939 he worked for GEMA in Berlin on short-wave and plasma research which was considered important for the war effort. In that way he was able to avoid military service and to maintain employment despite being unable to prove ‘Aryan’ descent (the Nazi system would have classified him as ‘Mischling zweiten Grades’, or half-cast grade 2). He worked in Austria for a time after the war before emigrating to the United States. He took a position in the University of Illinois in 1949 and became professor of electrical engineering there in 1951. He is considered one of the father of cybernetics and was a founder member of the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL) (University of Illinois 1957). The BCL became a centre of excellence for cybernetics and cognitive sciences. It is thought that many of the problems experienced by...

December 18, 2015
Rogues Corner
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Recent

  • Play: A Sociological Approach
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  • How Not to Criticise Social Theory
  • To Cybersemiotics through Bateson, Peirce and Luhmann
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